Integrating solutions to adapt cities for climate change

Record climate extremes are reducing urban liveability, compounding inequality, and threatening infrastructure. Adaptation measures that integrate technological, nature-based, social solutions can provide multiple co-benefits to address complex socioecological issues in cities while increasing resilience potential impacts. However, there remain many challenges developing implementing integrated solutions. In this Viewpoint, we consider the value of integrating across three solution sets, enablers for present examples adopted with different contexts climates (Freiburg, Germany; Durban, South Africa; Singapore). We conclude a discussion research directions road map identify actions enable successful implementation highlight need more systematic targets enabling environments integration; achieving avoid maladaptation; simultaneously improving sustainability, equality; replicating via transfer scale-up local Cities systematically disadvantaged countries (sometimes referred as Global South) central future development must be prioritised. Helping decision makers communities understand opportunities associated change will encourage urgent deliberate strides towards adapting dynamic reality. 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This Viewpoint aims spur how types (ie, solutions), strengthen resilience, outline ways overcoming range hamper integration. case studies limitations making approaches. Finally, describe integration might long-term fundamental change. body evidence supports relevance adapt challenges, but question remains best these different, complementary, maximise benefits. summary each type, indicate what some main benefits are, exist them, then short show occurred were overcome achieve goals related sustained mitigation adaptation. Technological well studied, new technologies continually emerging examined their overall efficacy. 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One reject nuclear power safer, energy-efficient sources. campaign originally energy, larger enabled adap